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Disaster preparedness synopsis
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION
1
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS
MR. RAJEEV SHARMA
341/8 RATITALAI
BANSWARA, RALASTHAN
327001
2.
NAME OF THE INSTITUTION
M.S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF
NURSING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
M.S.R.I.T. POST
BANGALORE -54
3.
COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT
IST YEAR M.SC. NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
DISSERTATION PROTOCOL
4
DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE
31-05-07
5
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
ASSESSMENT OF THE ATTITUDE OF NURSING STUDENT TOWARDS VOLUNTEERING IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, IN A VIEW TO PREPARE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TEAM.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
INTRODUCTION
Be it an ‘act of God’ or act of man a mindboggling spectrum of disaster wreak havoc in the India subcontinent.
Disaster are either natural such as floods, draught, cyclones, and earthquakes or human made such as riots, conflicts, refuge situation and other like firs, epidemics industrial accident and environment fallouts. Emergencies, and disaster do not only affect health and well being of people, frequently, large number of people are displaced killed or injured or subjected to greater risk of epidemics. Considerable economic harm to the existing infrastructure and threaten the future of sustainable development.
Disaster as “Grave occurrence having ruinous result”. Disaster as a any occurrence that cause damage, economic distraction, loss of human life and deterioration in health and healthy services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community.1
In the modern world, the traditional view of natural disaster as punishments for human Wickedness has given way to scientific study of the causes of seemingly unpredictable acts of nature. In recent year, however, scholars have placent emphasis on the roles played by greed and indifference to potential human suffering in many seemingly “natural” disaster following is a selective list of natural and man made disaster that have occurred in the United States. It should be note disaster statistic is often approximation, at best. Not only do contemporary news accounts frequently differ, but the standards by which to judge whether death and injuries were directly caused by a cataclysmic.2
A report was given by the centre for research into the Epidemiology of disasters (CRED) In the decade 1988 -97, disasters in India affected on an average over 24 million people and killed 5, 116 each year, in 1988, disaster affected 34,112,566, people in India and killed 9,846, between 1985 and 1995 disaster caused an annual economic loss of about us$ 1,883.93 million. 3
In India damage due to natural calamities in 1998-99 total districts affected no. 290 villages affected -61,373, Area affected in million ha.10.010 population affected in million Ha. 51.318, damage to crop area in million 6.806, damage to House/Huts No. 19,77,861 Human lives lost No. 4,955 Animals lost 91,912.3
Damage due to natural calamities in 1988-99 in Karnataka due to Rains Floods Total district no.30, Districts affected no.27, villages affected in million Ha. 8.549 damage to crop Area in million Ha. 0.607 damage to House/ Huts. No.1, 28,902, Human lives lost No. 310, animals cost No. 9,562.3
A report given by DAS RA in sep. 1983, about circus fire disaster in 1981 at Bangalore, India. The Circus fire disaster claimed 92 live and 300 other were injured. In this incidence A total of 119 patient were treated in the Burns counter at Victoria Hospital. Forty two patients were treated as out patients and 77 cases were admitted. Fourteen patients with move then 80 percent burn of the body surface died within 48 hours of the disaster. Three patients out of the remaining 63 cases died in the course of treatment, 32 patients were operated by escharctomy and skin grafting flap procedure. According to them by proper medical assessment, early fluid therapy and respiratory care saved many critical patient. 4
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
With a wide range of geography and climatic conditions. India is the highly disaster prone country in Asia pacific region with a average of 8 major natural calamities a year. While floods, cyclone, draught, earthquakes and epidemics are frequent from time to time, major accidents happen in railways mines, and factories causing extensive damage to human life and property.
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge of school nurses on Bio-terrorism and other disaster preparedness at U.S.A. A cluster random sampling technique was used to select the 125 school nurses in public and private school from three countries. The study results were found that eighty surveys were returned (24% response rate). Response were analyzed according to emergency preparedness
competencies and skills required to the management of emergency phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Low confidence in preparedness capabilities were reported by all categories. High training was identified with 63% to 70% requesting additional education related to disaster management.5
According to Medical Education and Development Research Centre faculty to Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, provided voluntary healthcare services during the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. At that time the faculty recognized the need to prepare the health care system for future disaster by enhancing the capability of health care workers. The development and implementation of a disaster management course for healthcare workers was identified as a priority.6
A study was done by Stanley J.M (2005) on disaster competency development and integration in nursing education. Stated that nurses, because of their education and perspective practicing in multiple role and settings are uniquely qualified for mass casualty preparedness and response. Educating the current 2.7 million registered nurses and all future nursing graduates is daunting task. In their study they fill that nursing education must ensure that graduates are prepared with the necessary knowledge and skill for mass casualty incidents. This article examines the role each of there key entities play in the development of a nursing workforce prepared for mass casualty response.7
A study was carried out at the West Virginia University Hospitals, USA conducted by Manley WG. Furbee P.M (2006) stated disaster preparedness has always been an area of major concern for the medical community, but recent world events have prompted an increased interest. The health care system must respond to disaster of all types, whether the incidents occur in urban or rural settings. Although the barriers and challenges are different in the rural setting, common area of preparedness must be explored.8
The individual are responsible for maintaining their well being, community members, resources, organizations, and administrations should be the cornerstone at an emergency preparedness programme. The reason of community preparedness is:
a. Member of the community have the most to lose from being vulnerable to disaster and the most to gain from an effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programme.
b. Those who first respond to an emergency come from within the community, when transport and communication are disrupted and an external emergency response may not arrive for days.
c. Resources are most easily pooled at the community level and every community possesses capabilities. Failure to exploit those capabilities is poor resources management.
d. Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency affected communities to design, manage, and implement internal and external assistance programme9.
The need that made the investigator select this topic for study was his own experience when he attended to manage rains, floods during his student period.
The study is aimed at assess the attitude of B.Sc. Nursing student towards voluntarily in disaster management in a view to disaster preparedness team. Nursing is a multi faceted profession and a professional is required to play. A variety of roles, unlike other profession a practitioner in nursing should have a positive attitude acceptable behaviour and interest which befits her role and responsibility to society.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature is traditionally considered as a systematic critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic.
According to Polit and Hungler (1999) :
Review of literature is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identified gaps and weakness in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation.
Literature review for the present study has been collected and presented under the following headings:
◦ Meaning and general information about disaster.
◦ Impact of Disaster.
◦ Need of Volunteering.
◦ Management of Disaster.
6.2.1 Meaning and general information about disaster
The unexpected event that cause terrific damage to lives and property of human being and animals it may either be made disaster like terrorist attack, bombs explosions, looting arson etc or natural ones like flood, earth quakes, cyclones, fires etc.
In the absence of official definitions, observations from the field suggest that disasters be classified under three broad categories: natural, Human-made, and other disasters. Amongst these, there are the major disasters and the minor disasters.
Natural Disasters
Major: Earthquake, Flood, Drought, Cyclone
Minor: Heat Wave, Cold Wave, Landslide, Avalanche, Tornadoes, Hailstorm.
Human Made Disasters:
Major: Communion Riots, Ethnic conflicts, Refugee situations.
Other Disasters:
Major: Epidemics, Industrial disasters, Fire, Policy induced disasters.
Minor: Transport – road, rail, railways, and water disasters.
Festival and pilgrimage – related disasters.
Food Poisoning, Alcohol/liquor tragedies.10
The major causes and influencing factors for increased disasters are inadequate physical infrastructure, environment degradation, poor management and use of lack of adoption of scientific and engineering advancements and rapid urbanization, inadequate planning, weak economic transion on one hand, climate change and variability on the other hand. So young adults need to know all the causes of disaster to prevent the disasters and its effects.
6.2.2 Impact of Disaster
Tan NT. Impact of the Indian ocean Tsunami on the well-being of children, This article provides an overview of the plight of the “tsunami Generation” detailing the social and physical conditions after the disaster. Children are most vulnerable and need protection and clear and sustained support for rehabilitation. The social, psychological recovery and protection of children are key concerns of child welfare and internal social service organization. Policy and programmes should build on the people’s resilience and provide the psychosocial and community support.11
An epidemiological study was undertaken to assess the severe cholera out break following floods at West Bengal. The sample was 88 subjects. The subjects were interviewed and examined clinically. An investigation was done to understand the epidemiological characteristics, identified the agents and rationalizes clinical management and suggests control measures. The results showed that during the period between August and October 1998, 16,500 cases were reported with 276 deaths, twenty one of 29 (22%) rectal swabs were positive. All the strains were sensitive to tetracycline, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin gentamycin but resistant to furazolidine, cotrimaxazole ampcillin. The study concluded that in the present study epidemiological and clinical deficiencies in the management of outbreak and recommended for its effective control of outbreak12.
BELGAUM: One person died and about 30 were injured when a boiler of the Riddhi-Siddhi Gluco-Biols Ltd in Gokak exploded on Friday night. The condition of about 20 of the injured — with 80% burns — is reported to be critical. Some 40 workers were inside the factory when the disaster occurred. The impact of the blast was so great that the roof of the factory blew off and fell 100 meters away. Everything in a 100-metre radius of the factory was destroyed.13
6.2.3 Need of Volunteering
Volunteering means to do something for some one.
Volunteering is a job, is something that you do with your hand and your knowledge. It’s a work necessary to do but it isn’t a paid job for or a full time job, part time is the common manner of volunteering.14
The volunteer is used for do something that can’t be made in other form. It means to work for a cause that really needs it. A Hospital or elderly homes that don’t have enough budget to pay personal has the only possibility for accomplish it’s mission with volunteers.14
By Roger Carr- volunteering a portion of our time is something we should do. There are reminders all around us, that our help is needed. Other people will significantly benefit from any time we contribute. But that is not the only reason to volunteer. According to them 18 reasons to volunteer some of your times.
1. To make new friends
2. To build personal and professional contacts
3. To build your self-esteem and self-confidence
4. To develop new job skills
5. To make a difference in the world
6. To increase personal satisfaction
7. To add experience to your resume
8. To develop people skills
9. To develop communication skills
10. To do something as a family
11. To explore career possibilities
12. To feel needed and appreciated
13. To share your skills with others
14. To be challenged
15. To do something different
16. To earn academic credit
17. To improve your health
18. To have fun
You will get more of your volunteer experience then you put into it. Don’t hesitate to identify and donate some of your time to a worthy volunteer opportunity you will be glade you did.14
6.2.4 Management of Disaster
Emergency preparedness is a programme of long term development activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiency all types of emergency. It should bring about an orderly transition from relief through recovery, and back to sustained development.15
Disaster preparedness is an on going multisectoral activity. It forms an integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans and programmes for disaster management, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The system, known by a variety of names depending on the country depends on the coordination of a variety of sectors to carry out the following tasks.
→ Evaluate t he risk of the country or particular region to disaster.
→ Adopt standards and regulation.
→ Organize communication, information and warning systems.
→ Ensure coordination and response mechanisms.
→ Adopt measure to ensure that financial and other resources are available for
increased readiness and can be mobilized in disaster situation.
→ Develop public education programmes.
→ Coordinate information sessions with news media
→Organize disaster simulation exercises that test response mechanisms.
The emergency prepared and emergency management do not exist in a vacuum. To succeed, emergency programmes must be appropriate to their context.15
A study was under taken to assess the management of a multi casualty event in and out of hospital phases including rescue, emergency service deployment and evaluation of casualties at Israel. Data were collected from 700 study subjects who were in the four emergency departments by referring medical files, telephones interviews and computerized information. The study results showed that 315 injured people, 43% were hospitalized. During the first hour 42 percent were evaluated by the volunteers and after seven hours scene was empty and at the hospitals about 1,300 staff members arrived immediately to give service to the victims.16
An evacuee evaluation center provides a convenient non-ED alternative for evacuees to address their non-emergent medical concerns and can be used to ease their transition to a new location.
According to Weiner EE, Trangenstein PA. Early informatics contributions to the emergency planning and response agenda have focused largely on surveillance of threat detection. A broader assessment of possible informatics contributions unveils that informatics can also contribute to increasing the efficiency in disaster response as well as providing a tale-presence for remote medical caregivers. This presentation will explore current and future roles of informatics in emergency preparedness and response. Special challenges for data management occur with every emergency or disaster. Tracking of victims, electronic health records, and supply inventory are a few of the contributions that informatics can play during disasters. Modeling of response resources can provide the parameters for more effective decision making. Public relations reporting can be made more accurate if given the information in a timely fashion. Databases provide the infrastructure for reporting of data that can be used to manage volunteers or later be mined to determine the effectiveness of planning and response efforts. As informaticists, we have a moral obligation to contribute to the emergency response agenda worldwide.17
6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A descriptive study to assess the attitude of nursing student studying at MSRINER towards volunteering in disaster management, in a view to prepare disaster preparedness team.
6.3.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
* To assess the attitude of nursing student studying at MSRINER
towards volunteering in disaster management.
* To find association between quality of attitude and selected socio demographic
variable.
* To prepare a disaster preparedness team.
6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.
6.4.1Attitude: refers to the feelings expressed by the students towards volunteering in disaster management in which will be assessed by using a structured attitude scale.
6.4.2 Nursing Student: Refers to the individual who are studying in M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education And Research Bangalore.
6.4.3 Volunteering: Self interest of student to actively participate in any disaster management activity.
6.4.4 Disaster Management: Refers to the action to be taken during any sudden incident which is cause damage to human life and their property.
6.4.5 Disaster Preparedness Team: The group of student who is ready to face the Predictable and unpredictable emergency occurred due to disaster.
6.5 HYPOTHESIS.
H1 – There is significant association between the quality of attitude of nursing student and socio demographic variables.
7. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
7.1 Source of data : Nursing student studying at MSRINER Bangalore.
7.2 Method of Data Collection: Data will be collected by administer structured
Attitude scale
7.2.1 Type of study : Descriptive study.
7.2.2 Research design : Non experimental descriptive research design.
7.2.3 Variables under study:
Study variables : Attitude of nursing student towards volunteering
in disaster management.
Attribute variables : Personal characteristics which include age,
gender,course, year, religion, Place of residence,
Marital states
7.2.4 Sampling technique : Quota sampling technique.
7.2.5 Sample size : 100 Nursing student.
7.2.6 Follow-up : No follow up
7.2.7 Duration of study : One month.
7.2.8 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria : Student who are willing to participate in the
study.
Exclusion criteria : - Not available at the time of data collection.
- Those who are attended the synopsis
pesentation
7.2.9 Instruments
Section A : Socio Demographic Profile.
Section B : Attitude scale to assess the attitude towards
volunteering in disaster management
7.2.10 Data Collection Procedure.
1. After obtaining prior permission from the concerned authorities a brief introduction about self and the study will be given to the samples. After obtaining due consent from the subject the data collection tool will be administered.
7.2.11 Statistical method used.
Data obtained will be tabulated and analyzed in terms of objective of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics:
► Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to assess the socio
demographic variable and attitude of the nursing student.
►Mean and standard deviation will be used to assess the attitude regarding
volunteer in disaster management
Inferential statistics:
►Chi square test will be used to determine the association between the
quality of attitude and the socio demographic variables.
7.3 Does study require any investigation/Intervention to be conducted on patient/Humans/ Animals?
Yes: Attitude of nursing student towards volunteering in disaster management
will be investigated by administering attitude scale.
7.4 Has ethical clearance obtained from Institution?
Yes: Ethical clearance will be obtained from concerned authority and consent will be obtained from the subject. Confidentiality and anonymity of subject will be maintained.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE
1. World Health Organisation : Strategy and approach to Humanitarian action.
Coping with major emergencies Geneva. WHO j med. 2004 June 8.Page-11
2. Alexander, David. Confronting catastrophic: New perspective on natural
Disasters. New York, Oxford University Press 2000.Page-78-82.
3. Centre for research into the Epidemiology of disaster (CRED); Available from http://www.punjabilok.com/india_disaster_resp/introduction/damage_ dueto.htjm.
4. DAS RA. Circus fire disaster in Bangalore, Finding causes, Management of
Burn patient and possible presentation. Burns Incl Therm Ins. 1983 Sep: 10
(1): 17-23 .Available from http://www.pubmed.com.
5. Weiss B, Clankson TW. Toxic.chemica school nurses on Bio-terrorism and
other disaster preparedness at U.S.A.. Disaster Manage Response. 2006-Oct-
Dec: 4 (4): (100-5). Available from www.pubmed.com
6. De Witt, James D Alegal Handbook for Non profit corporation Volunteers
1997 Dec 7.Page 175-178
7. Stanley JM, Disaster Competency development and integration in nursing
education.(Serial Online ) 2005 Sep; 40 (3) : 453-67 Available from
Istanley @ aach.nche.edu.
8. Mayley WG, Furbee PM Realities of disaster preparedness in rural hospitals,
disaster management response, 2006 sep 4(3): 80-7 Availabl from
Manleyw@wvuh.com.
9. K.Park “ Preventive and social Medicine” 18th Edition Banarasides Bharat
Publishers, Jabalpur 2006: Pg 602-603.
10. Bromberger Kar. ET. Disaster management team.2004 April 6. page 83-84
11. Tan NT : Impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on the well being of children.
2006: 5(6-7):68-72. : Reverside Ave South, 117570, Singapore,
wktannat@nus.edu.sg
12. Melanie N.Smith, M.D., Ph.D. epidemiological study article Reviewer Info:
[serial online] 2006; Feb. Available from : www.nwahs.sa.gov.au/repositories.
13. Vomsal F. The Impact of the blast. Times of India 2002 Feb 14; p.6-7.
www.timesofindia.com
14. Roger Carr, Reason to volunteer. [ online ] 2005 [cited 2005 Sept 21]; Available from www.everydaygiving.com/ezine/21sept2005.html
15.K.Park “ Preventive and social Medicine” 18th Edition Banarasides Bharat
Publishers, Jabalpur 2006: Pg 603-604.
16.Irvin CB, Atas JG. Management of evacuees surge from a disaster area:
University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA. cbi@123.net
17.Weiner EE, Trangenstein PA. Application of Knowledge management and the
intelligence contimuum for medical emergencies and disaster sceharios; Ann
Aead Med Singapore 2007 Sep; Page No.(100 – 5)
9.
SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
10.
REMARKS OF THE GUIDE It is very much need based, feasible and focused on the present problem and appropriate.
11.
NAME AND DESIGNATION OF:
(IN BLOCK LETTERS)
Mrs. Prof. GANGABAI.B KULKARNI
PROFESSOR AND HOD
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
M.S.R.I.N.E.R, BANGALORE.
11.1
11.2
GUIDE
SIGNATURE
11.3
11.4
CO-GUIDE (if any)
SIGNATURE
11.5
11.6
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SIGNATURE
Mrs. Prof. GANGABAI.B KULKARNI
12
12.1
REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL
SIGNATURE The synopsis of the present study broadened to encompose the current trends of nursing issue so the study is genuine, relevant and feasible, individually benefited scientific, systematic methodology of research process.
Admission open
ADMISSIONS OPEN FOR 2017-19
MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (HERITAGE MANAGEMENT)
Centre for Heritage Management (CHM), Ahmedabad University has announced opening of admissions process for its two -years Master of Management Studies (Heritage Management) programme, for 2017-2019 group, to commence from August 2017. The admission policy and application form are attached herewith, and are also available at the centre's website as well as at the Centre's office at Ahmedabad University.
1.Minimum required qualifications are a Bachelor's degree in any discipline (with a minimum of 50% marks) and an interest in heritage management. Students in the final year of their Bachelors degree studies may also apply if they are appearing for the final exams by June 2017, and the final results can be submitted by September 30, 2017.
2. A Statement of Purpose (SOP) outlining the candidate's interest in heritage management is required along with the application, and is a key evaluation component.
3. Applicants are required to submit their scores from any national level standard test - the test could be any recognized test in the respective discipline. Candidates with relevant heritage related work experience may submit a portfolio of their work in lieu of the test score.
4. Only selected candidates will be called for personal interview. Out of state candidates may be allowed for a tele-video conference if they are not able to come for personal interview (however, it is highly recommended). The admissions decision will be based on evaluations of standard test score or relevant experience,
For further information about the programme and admission policy, please visit our website.
The deadline for receiving the completed application form along with required documentation and application fee is April 15th, 2017. An online application process will also be available soon.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us:
Centre for Heritage Management
Ahmedabad University
Asmita Bhavan, Central Campus
Navrangapura, Ahmedabad- 380009
Gujarat
Website: ahduni.edu.in/chm
Contact No: + 91 079 61911552
Disaster preparedness
http://www.samsungapps.com/appquery/appDetail.as?appId=com.samsung.android.sconnect&cntyTxt=405&equipID=SM-A700FD
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION
1
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS
MR. RAJEEV SHARMA
341/8 RATITALAI
BANSWARA, RALASTHAN
327001
2.
NAME OF THE INSTITUTION
M.S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF
NURSING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
M.S.R.I.T. POST
BANGALORE -54
3.
COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT
IST YEAR M.SC. NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
DISSERTATION PROTOCOL
4
DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE
31-05-07
5
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
ASSESSMENT OF THE ATTITUDE OF NURSING STUDENT TOWARDS VOLUNTEERING IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, IN A VIEW TO PREPARE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TEAM.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
INTRODUCTION
Be it an ‘act of God’ or act of man a mindboggling spectrum of disaster wreak havoc in the India subcontinent.
Disaster are either natural such as floods, draught, cyclones, and earthquakes or human made such as riots, conflicts, refuge situation and other like firs, epidemics industrial accident and environment fallouts. Emergencies, and disaster do not only affect health and well being of people, frequently, large number of people are displaced killed or injured or subjected to greater risk of epidemics. Considerable economic harm to the existing infrastructure and threaten the future of sustainable development.
Disaster as “Grave occurrence having ruinous result”. Disaster as a any occurrence that cause damage, economic distraction, loss of human life and deterioration in health and healthy services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community.1
In the modern world, the traditional view of natural disaster as punishments for human Wickedness has given way to scientific study of the causes of seemingly unpredictable acts of nature. In recent year, however, scholars have placent emphasis on the roles played by greed and indifference to potential human suffering in many seemingly “natural” disaster following is a selective list of natural and man made disaster that have occurred in the United States. It should be note disaster statistic is often approximation, at best. Not only do contemporary news accounts frequently differ, but the standards by which to judge whether death and injuries were directly caused by a cataclysmic.2
A report was given by the centre for research into the Epidemiology of disasters (CRED) In the decade 1988 -97, disasters in India affected on an average over 24 million people and killed 5, 116 each year, in 1988, disaster affected 34,112,566, people in India and killed 9,846, between 1985 and 1995 disaster caused an annual economic loss of about us$ 1,883.93 million. 3
In India damage due to natural calamities in 1998-99 total districts affected no. 290 villages affected -61,373, Area affected in million ha.10.010 population affected in million Ha. 51.318, damage to crop area in million 6.806, damage to House/Huts No. 19,77,861 Human lives lost No. 4,955 Animals lost 91,912.3
Damage due to natural calamities in 1988-99 in Karnataka due to Rains Floods Total district no.30, Districts affected no.27, villages affected in million Ha. 8.549 damage to crop Area in million Ha. 0.607 damage to House/ Huts. No.1, 28,902, Human lives lost No. 310, animals cost No. 9,562.3
A report given by DAS RA in sep. 1983, about circus fire disaster in 1981 at Bangalore, India. The Circus fire disaster claimed 92 live and 300 other were injured. In this incidence A total of 119 patient were treated in the Burns counter at Victoria Hospital. Forty two patients were treated as out patients and 77 cases were admitted. Fourteen patients with move then 80 percent burn of the body surface died within 48 hours of the disaster. Three patients out of the remaining 63 cases died in the course of treatment, 32 patients were operated by escharctomy and skin grafting flap procedure. According to them by proper medical assessment, early fluid therapy and respiratory care saved many critical patient. 4
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
With a wide range of geography and climatic conditions. India is the highly disaster prone country in Asia pacific region with a average of 8 major natural calamities a year. While floods, cyclone, draught, earthquakes and epidemics are frequent from time to time, major accidents happen in railways mines, and factories causing extensive damage to human life and property.
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge of school nurses on Bio-terrorism and other disaster preparedness at U.S.A. A cluster random sampling technique was used to select the 125 school nurses in public and private school from three countries. The study results were found that eighty surveys were returned (24% response rate). Response were analyzed according to emergency preparedness
competencies and skills required to the management of emergency phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Low confidence in preparedness capabilities were reported by all categories. High training was identified with 63% to 70% requesting additional education related to disaster management.5
According to Medical Education and Development Research Centre faculty to Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, provided voluntary healthcare services during the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. At that time the faculty recognized the need to prepare the health care system for future disaster by enhancing the capability of health care workers. The development and implementation of a disaster management course for healthcare workers was identified as a priority.6
A study was done by Stanley J.M (2005) on disaster competency development and integration in nursing education. Stated that nurses, because of their education and perspective practicing in multiple role and settings are uniquely qualified for mass casualty preparedness and response. Educating the current 2.7 million registered nurses and all future nursing graduates is daunting task. In their study they fill that nursing education must ensure that graduates are prepared with the necessary knowledge and skill for mass casualty incidents. This article examines the role each of there key entities play in the development of a nursing workforce prepared for mass casualty response.7
A study was carried out at the West Virginia University Hospitals, USA conducted by Manley WG. Furbee P.M (2006) stated disaster preparedness has always been an area of major concern for the medical community, but recent world events have prompted an increased interest. The health care system must respond to disaster of all types, whether the incidents occur in urban or rural settings. Although the barriers and challenges are different in the rural setting, common area of preparedness must be explored.8
The individual are responsible for maintaining their well being, community members, resources, organizations, and administrations should be the cornerstone at an emergency preparedness programme. The reason of community preparedness is:
a. Member of the community have the most to lose from being vulnerable to disaster and the most to gain from an effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programme.
b. Those who first respond to an emergency come from within the community, when transport and communication are disrupted and an external emergency response may not arrive for days.
c. Resources are most easily pooled at the community level and every community possesses capabilities. Failure to exploit those capabilities is poor resources management.
d. Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency affected communities to design, manage, and implement internal and external assistance programme9.
The need that made the investigator select this topic for study was his own experience when he attended to manage rains, floods during his student period.
The study is aimed at assess the attitude of B.Sc. Nursing student towards voluntarily in disaster management in a view to disaster preparedness team. Nursing is a multi faceted profession and a professional is required to play. A variety of roles, unlike other profession a practitioner in nursing should have a positive attitude acceptable behaviour and interest which befits her role and responsibility to society.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature is traditionally considered as a systematic critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic.
According to Polit and Hungler (1999) :
Review of literature is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identified gaps and weakness in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation.
Literature review for the present study has been collected and presented under the following headings:
◦ Meaning and general information about disaster.
◦ Impact of Disaster.
◦ Need of Volunteering.
◦ Management of Disaster.
6.2.1 Meaning and general information about disaster
The unexpected event that cause terrific damage to lives and property of human being and animals it may either be made disaster like terrorist attack, bombs explosions, looting arson etc or natural ones like flood, earth quakes, cyclones, fires etc.
In the absence of official definitions, observations from the field suggest that disasters be classified under three broad categories: natural, Human-made, and other disasters. Amongst these, there are the major disasters and the minor disasters.
Natural Disasters
Major: Earthquake, Flood, Drought, Cyclone
Minor: Heat Wave, Cold Wave, Landslide, Avalanche, Tornadoes, Hailstorm.
Human Made Disasters:
Major: Communion Riots, Ethnic conflicts, Refugee situations.
Other Disasters:
Major: Epidemics, Industrial disasters, Fire, Policy induced disasters.
Minor: Transport – road, rail, railways, and water disasters.
Festival and pilgrimage – related disasters.
Food Poisoning, Alcohol/liquor tragedies.10
The major causes and influencing factors for increased disasters are inadequate physical infrastructure, environment degradation, poor management and use of lack of adoption of scientific and engineering advancements and rapid urbanization, inadequate planning, weak economic transion on one hand, climate change and variability on the other hand. So young adults need to know all the causes of disaster to prevent the disasters and its effects.
6.2.2 Impact of Disaster
Tan NT. Impact of the Indian ocean Tsunami on the well-being of children, This article provides an overview of the plight of the “tsunami Generation” detailing the social and physical conditions after the disaster. Children are most vulnerable and need protection and clear and sustained support for rehabilitation. The social, psychological recovery and protection of children are key concerns of child welfare and internal social service organization. Policy and programmes should build on the people’s resilience and provide the psychosocial and community support.11
An epidemiological study was undertaken to assess the severe cholera out break following floods at West Bengal. The sample was 88 subjects. The subjects were interviewed and examined clinically. An investigation was done to understand the epidemiological characteristics, identified the agents and rationalizes clinical management and suggests control measures. The results showed that during the period between August and October 1998, 16,500 cases were reported with 276 deaths, twenty one of 29 (22%) rectal swabs were positive. All the strains were sensitive to tetracycline, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin gentamycin but resistant to furazolidine, cotrimaxazole ampcillin. The study concluded that in the present study epidemiological and clinical deficiencies in the management of outbreak and recommended for its effective control of outbreak12.
BELGAUM: One person died and about 30 were injured when a boiler of the Riddhi-Siddhi Gluco-Biols Ltd in Gokak exploded on Friday night. The condition of about 20 of the injured — with 80% burns — is reported to be critical. Some 40 workers were inside the factory when the disaster occurred. The impact of the blast was so great that the roof of the factory blew off and fell 100 meters away. Everything in a 100-metre radius of the factory was destroyed.13
6.2.3 Need of Volunteering
Volunteering means to do something for some one.
Volunteering is a job, is something that you do with your hand and your knowledge. It’s a work necessary to do but it isn’t a paid job for or a full time job, part time is the common manner of volunteering.14
The volunteer is used for do something that can’t be made in other form. It means to work for a cause that really needs it. A Hospital or elderly homes that don’t have enough budget to pay personal has the only possibility for accomplish it’s mission with volunteers.14
By Roger Carr- volunteering a portion of our time is something we should do. There are reminders all around us, that our help is needed. Other people will significantly benefit from any time we contribute. But that is not the only reason to volunteer. According to them 18 reasons to volunteer some of your times.
1. To make new friends
2. To build personal and professional contacts
3. To build your self-esteem and self-confidence
4. To develop new job skills
5. To make a difference in the world
6. To increase personal satisfaction
7. To add experience to your resume
8. To develop people skills
9. To develop communication skills
10. To do something as a family
11. To explore career possibilities
12. To feel needed and appreciated
13. To share your skills with others
14. To be challenged
15. To do something different
16. To earn academic credit
17. To improve your health
18. To have fun
You will get more of your volunteer experience then you put into it. Don’t hesitate to identify and donate some of your time to a worthy volunteer opportunity you will be glade you did.14
6.2.4 Management of Disaster
Emergency preparedness is a programme of long term development activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiency all types of emergency. It should bring about an orderly transition from relief through recovery, and back to sustained development.15
Disaster preparedness is an on going multisectoral activity. It forms an integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans and programmes for disaster management, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The system, known by a variety of names depending on the country depends on the coordination of a variety of sectors to carry out the following tasks.
→ Evaluate t he risk of the country or particular region to disaster.
→ Adopt standards and regulation.
→ Organize communication, information and warning systems.
→ Ensure coordination and response mechanisms.
→ Adopt measure to ensure that financial and other resources are available for
increased readiness and can be mobilized in disaster situation.
→ Develop public education programmes.
→ Coordinate information sessions with news media
→Organize disaster simulation exercises that test response mechanisms.
The emergency prepared and emergency management do not exist in a vacuum. To succeed, emergency programmes must be appropriate to their context.15
A study was under taken to assess the management of a multi casualty event in and out of hospital phases including rescue, emergency service deployment and evaluation of casualties at Israel. Data were collected from 700 study subjects who were in the four emergency departments by referring medical files, telephones interviews and computerized information. The study results showed that 315 injured people, 43% were hospitalized. During the first hour 42 percent were evaluated by the volunteers and after seven hours scene was empty and at the hospitals about 1,300 staff members arrived immediately to give service to the victims.16
An evacuee evaluation center provides a convenient non-ED alternative for evacuees to address their non-emergent medical concerns and can be used to ease their transition to a new location.
According to Weiner EE, Trangenstein PA. Early informatics contributions to the emergency planning and response agenda have focused largely on surveillance of threat detection. A broader assessment of possible informatics contributions unveils that informatics can also contribute to increasing the efficiency in disaster response as well as providing a tale-presence for remote medical caregivers. This presentation will explore current and future roles of informatics in emergency preparedness and response. Special challenges for data management occur with every emergency or disaster. Tracking of victims, electronic health records, and supply inventory are a few of the contributions that informatics can play during disasters. Modeling of response resources can provide the parameters for more effective decision making. Public relations reporting can be made more accurate if given the information in a timely fashion. Databases provide the infrastructure for reporting of data that can be used to manage volunteers or later be mined to determine the effectiveness of planning and response efforts. As informaticists, we have a moral obligation to contribute to the emergency response agenda worldwide.17
6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A descriptive study to assess the attitude of nursing student studying at MSRINER towards volunteering in disaster management, in a view to prepare disaster preparedness team.
6.3.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
* To assess the attitude of nursing student studying at MSRINER
towards volunteering in disaster management.
* To find association between quality of attitude and selected socio demographic
variable.
* To prepare a disaster preparedness team.
6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.
6.4.1Attitude: refers to the feelings expressed by the students towards volunteering in disaster management in which will be assessed by using a structured attitude scale.
6.4.2 Nursing Student: Refers to the individual who are studying in M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education And Research Bangalore.
6.4.3 Volunteering: Self interest of student to actively participate in any disaster management activity.
6.4.4 Disaster Management: Refers to the action to be taken during any sudden incident which is cause damage to human life and their property.
6.4.5 Disaster Preparedness Team: The group of student who is ready to face the Predictable and unpredictable emergency occurred due to disaster.
6.5 HYPOTHESIS.
H1 – There is significant association between the quality of attitude of nursing student and socio demographic variables.
7. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
7.1 Source of data : Nursing student studying at MSRINER Bangalore.
7.2 Method of Data Collection: Data will be collected by administer structured
Attitude scale
7.2.1 Type of study : Descriptive study.
7.2.2 Research design : Non experimental descriptive research design.
7.2.3 Variables under study:
Study variables : Attitude of nursing student towards volunteering
in disaster management.
Attribute variables : Personal characteristics which include age,
gender,course, year, religion, Place of residence,
Marital states
7.2.4 Sampling technique : Quota sampling technique.
7.2.5 Sample size : 100 Nursing student.
7.2.6 Follow-up : No follow up
7.2.7 Duration of study : One month.
7.2.8 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria : Student who are willing to participate in the
study.
Exclusion criteria : - Not available at the time of data collection.
- Those who are attended the synopsis
pesentation
7.2.9 Instruments
Section A : Socio Demographic Profile.
Section B : Attitude scale to assess the attitude towards
volunteering in disaster management
7.2.10 Data Collection Procedure.
1. After obtaining prior permission from the concerned authorities a brief introduction about self and the study will be given to the samples. After obtaining due consent from the subject the data collection tool will be administered.
7.2.11 Statistical method used.
Data obtained will be tabulated and analyzed in terms of objective of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics:
► Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to assess the socio
demographic variable and attitude of the nursing student.
►Mean and standard deviation will be used to assess the attitude regarding
volunteer in disaster management
Inferential statistics:
►Chi square test will be used to determine the association between the
quality of attitude and the socio demographic variables.
7.3 Does study require any investigation/Intervention to be conducted on patient/Humans/ Animals?
Yes: Attitude of nursing student towards volunteering in disaster management
will be investigated by administering attitude scale.
7.4 Has ethical clearance obtained from Institution?
Yes: Ethical clearance will be obtained from concerned authority and consent will be obtained from the subject. Confidentiality and anonymity of subject will be maintained.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE
1. World Health Organisation : Strategy and approach to Humanitarian action.
Coping with major emergencies Geneva. WHO j med. 2004 June 8.Page-11
2. Alexander, David. Confronting catastrophic: New perspective on natural
Disasters. New York, Oxford University Press 2000.Page-78-82.
3. Centre for research into the Epidemiology of disaster (CRED); Available from http://www.punjabilok.com/india_disaster_resp/introduction/damage_ dueto.htjm.
4. DAS RA. Circus fire disaster in Bangalore, Finding causes, Management of
Burn patient and possible presentation. Burns Incl Therm Ins. 1983 Sep: 10
(1): 17-23 .Available from http://www.pubmed.com.
5. Weiss B, Clankson TW. Toxic.chemica school nurses on Bio-terrorism and
other disaster preparedness at U.S.A.. Disaster Manage Response. 2006-Oct-
Dec: 4 (4): (100-5). Available from www.pubmed.com
6. De Witt, James D Alegal Handbook for Non profit corporation Volunteers
1997 Dec 7.Page 175-178
7. Stanley JM, Disaster Competency development and integration in nursing
education.(Serial Online ) 2005 Sep; 40 (3) : 453-67 Available from
Istanley @ aach.nche.edu.
8. Mayley WG, Furbee PM Realities of disaster preparedness in rural hospitals,
disaster management response, 2006 sep 4(3): 80-7 Availabl from
Manleyw@wvuh.com.
9. K.Park “ Preventive and social Medicine” 18th Edition Banarasides Bharat
Publishers, Jabalpur 2006: Pg 602-603.
10. Bromberger Kar. ET. Disaster management team.2004 April 6. page 83-84
11. Tan NT : Impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on the well being of children.
2006: 5(6-7):68-72. : Reverside Ave South, 117570, Singapore,
wktannat@nus.edu.sg
12. Melanie N.Smith, M.D., Ph.D. epidemiological study article Reviewer Info:
[serial online] 2006; Feb. Available from : www.nwahs.sa.gov.au/repositories.
13. Vomsal F. The Impact of the blast. Times of India 2002 Feb 14; p.6-7.
www.timesofindia.com
14. Roger Carr, Reason to volunteer. [ online ] 2005 [cited 2005 Sept 21]; Available from www.everydaygiving.com/ezine/21sept2005.html
15.K.Park “ Preventive and social Medicine” 18th Edition Banarasides Bharat
Publishers, Jabalpur 2006: Pg 603-604.
16.Irvin CB, Atas JG. Management of evacuees surge from a disaster area:
University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA. cbi@123.net
17.Weiner EE, Trangenstein PA. Application of Knowledge management and the
intelligence contimuum for medical emergencies and disaster sceharios; Ann
Aead Med Singapore 2007 Sep; Page No.(100 – 5)
9.
SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
10.
REMARKS OF THE GUIDE It is very much need based, feasible and focused on the present problem and appropriate.
11.
NAME AND DESIGNATION OF:
(IN BLOCK LETTERS)
Mrs. Prof. GANGABAI.B KULKARNI
PROFESSOR AND HOD
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
M.S.R.I.N.E.R, BANGALORE.
11.1
11.2
GUIDE
SIGNATURE
11.3
11.4
CO-GUIDE (if any)
SIGNATURE
11.5
11.6
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SIGNATURE
Mrs. Prof. GANGABAI.B KULKARNI
12
12.1
REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL
SIGNATURE The synopsis of the present study broadened to encompose the current trends of nursing issue so the study is genuine, relevant and feasible, individually benefited scientific, systematic methodology of research process.
Tuesday, 21 February 2017
Why nurses go unheard in India – even when they strike
India has more than 16 lakh nurses. But their complaints seem to be ignored repeatedly.
The indefinite strike by nurses that began on September 2 was short lived. The strike was called off after just two days following a meeting between the All India Government Nurses' Federation and health ministry officials at which the nurses were assured that their demands will be sent to the finance ministry by September 12.
However, the Delhi government had already invoked the Essential Services Management Act on Friday classifying the strike as illegal. It detained more than 20,000 nurses. Even though ESMA was declared only at 1.30 pm, nursing association leaders were arrested at 10.30 am that day. Two association leaders were even sent to Tihar Jail. Media reports focused on state health services affected by the nurses’ strike but not on the nurses demands.
The All India Government Nursing Federation has presented their demands to the government many times before. Their basic demand is for a better entry-level pay-scale, which they say has been due for correction since the Fifth Pay Commission in 1996. The nurses contend that while doctors have been given a salary hike of more than 14% in the Seventh Pay Commission, nurses have continued to be ignored.
Substandard working conditions
Most of India’s nurses work in private hospitals, which are largely unregulated and do not follow the norm of having nurse-patient ratios of one to every four. Nurses work nine- to 14-hour days, often doing double shifts. Their starting salaries are between Rs 3,000 and Rs 15,000. Many nurses are required to sign contractual bonds with their employers withholding their educational certificates as guarantee.
In the public sector, nurses are paid better than in private hospitals. But even here, nurse patient ratio are a far cry from the 1:4 norm. Nurses get promotions based on their management abilities and the number of years of experience they have. However, higher authority positions are occupied by physicians, with a nurse being restricted to one promotion in the course of her career. Many retire as staff nurses due to a lack of the higher positions and few opportunities for continuing education. Daily duties are also difficult with most hospitals not providing proper spaces for nurses to change or rest.
A World Health Report of 2006 reveals that 70% of the doctors are male and 70% nurses are female. In India, more than 90% of the nurses are women. In the rigid healthcare hierarchy, nurses are not considered independent professionals but are dominated by physicians and hospital managements.
Most health authorities, physicians and politicians acknowledge that nurses are the backbone of both health system and hospital but when nurses demand autonomy and legal recognition or even basic facilities like changing rooms, toilets and conducive work environments, they go unheard.
Protesting nurses are often punished, as has been reported many times. In December 2009, staff nurses of the Batra Hospital in New Delhi went on strike demanding basic facilities and minimum basic salary of between Rs 10,000 and Rs 15,000. They succeeded in getting the salary hike but those nurses at the forefront were fired on disciplinary grounds. In the public sector, nurses protesting working conditions are sometimes sent to difficult locations or may be refused leave.
A new dimension to nurses’ exploitation by the state is through contractual systems and recruitment outsourcing. The National Rural Health Mission recruits nurses on contractual basis with salaries from Rs 5,000 to Rs 11,000 but without offering any other conveniences. Even if they work for the same hospital, nurses with the same qualification and job description are paid differently depending on whether they are permanent and contract workers. These differences are in the range of Rs 15,000 to Rs 30,000.
India had more than 16 lakh nurses, according to a survey in December 2008. But their complaints seem to be ignored repeatedly. First, the government only set up nursing institutions in 2002, even though these were proposed in all five-year plans and other policy documents. Even here, a majority of nursing colleges were run by the private sector.
Few of states like West Bengal, Gujarat and Odisha have created a nursing director post but these are occupied by doctors. In Karnataka, which also has a nursing director position occupied by a doctor, the state government is merging nursing and paramedical boards.
Nursing movements
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were strong agitations by government nurses, who formed associations and unions. They made basic demands regarding uniforms and residence facilities. These associations were concentrated in the northern region and included the Delhi Nurses Union, the Maharashtra Government Nurses Federation, the Rajakiya Nurses Sangh in Uttar Pradesh , the Nursing Research Society of India and the All India Government Nurses Federation. Many of these are still active.
As nursing services have been commercialised over the past two decades, thousands of nursing institutes emerged between 2002 and 2005, especially in the southern states. Many young nurses formed associations such as the Indian Professional Nurses Association, Delhi Private Nurses Association, and the United Nurses Association to demand better working conditions. In May 2015, there was attempt to unite all nursing associations of India.
It's a difficult task. After all, a physician-dominated health system with men in the majority will not allow the advancement of professionals groups that have more women. However, healthcare needs teamwork: each member has to contribute, coordinate and cooperate for better outcomes. Uniting nurses and improving their conditions is essential to build a healthy nation.
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